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Sportive agoraphobia: scale development and validation.
Murat Celebi1, Neslihan Nur Pehlivan2, Mustafa Arici3
1Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Türkiye.
Frontiers in Psychology
|January 21, 2026
Summary
The Sportive Agoraphobia Scale (SAS) is a new, reliable tool to measure anxiety in physical activity settings. It assesses concerns about social visibility, body image, and evaluation, aiding researchers and psychologists.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Sport Science
- Measurement
Background:
- Anxiety and avoidance behaviors in physical activity settings are complex.
- Existing instruments may not fully capture the nuances of sportive agoraphobia.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate the Sportive Agoraphobia Scale (SAS).
- To measure anxiety and avoidance related to social visibility, body image, and evaluative concerns during physical activity.
Main Methods:
- Scale development followed an eight-step framework with 352 participants from Türkiye.
- Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to refine the scale.
- The final scale consists of 19 items across three factors: Psychosocial Participation Anxiety, Social Evaluation Anxiety, and Body Image-Based Anxiety.
Main Results:
- The final 19-item SAS demonstrated good model fit indices.
- High internal consistency was found for the total scale (α=0.95) and its subdimensions (α=0.93, 0.85, 0.87).
Conclusions:
- The SAS is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing sportive agoraphobia.
- It provides a valuable tool for understanding and addressing psychological barriers to physical activity participation.
Keywords:
body image concernsexercise avoidanceself-presentation theorysocial evaluation anxietysportive agoraphobiaMore Related Videos
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