The relationship between mode of delivery and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a meta-analysis and systematic review
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View abstract on PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.Cesarean section (C-section) delivery is linked to a moderately increased risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. This association was observed across multiple studies, highlighting a potential concern for neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Area Of Science
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Pediatric Health
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
Background
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear causes.
- Emerging research suggests a potential link between cesarean section (C-section) delivery and an elevated risk of ADHD.
- The etiological factors contributing to ADHD require further investigation.
Purpose Of The Study
- To investigate the association between C-section birth and the risk of developing ADHD in children.
- To synthesize evidence from observational studies using meta-analysis techniques.
- To provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on C-section delivery and ADHD risk.
Main Methods
- A systematic literature search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP).
- Included studies were observational (case-control or cohort) with standardized ADHD diagnoses and extractable effect estimates.
- Data were extracted and analyzed using R Studio, pooling adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).
Main Results
- Fourteen studies (6 case-control, 8 cohort) from 10 countries were included.
- The pooled adjusted OR for ADHD risk was 1.44 (95% CI [1.04-1.25]) for case-control studies and 1.12 (95% CI [1.10-1.15]) for cohort studies.
- Most studies adjusted for confounders like maternal age, child's sex, and gestational factors; all studies met a minimum quality score.
Conclusions
- Cesarean section delivery is associated with a moderately increased risk of ADHD in children.
- Both elective and emergency C-sections demonstrated similar associations with ADHD risk.
- Further research is warranted to elucidate causal pathways and biological mechanisms underlying this association, acknowledging study heterogeneity and potential biases.
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