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Evaluating TOD performance through node-place model: evidence from bus stop areas in Windhoek, Namibia.

Nana Cui1, Haochen Yang1, Naholo Malakia Mwetuhafifa1

  • 1School of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.

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Summary

Transit-oriented development (TOD) in Windhoek shows land use intensity often exceeds transport accessibility. Proactive planning is crucial for sustainable urban mobility in African cities before congestion arises.

Keywords:
Namibiabus-based TODequityhealthy citynode-place modetransit-oriented development (TOD)

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Area of Science:

  • Urban Planning
  • Sustainable Mobility
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Background:

  • Transit-oriented development (TOD) is vital for sustainable urban mobility and land-use efficiency in growing cities.
  • Research on TOD implementation is extensive in Asia and America, but limited in African cities lacking metropolitan rail.
  • This study focuses on Windhoek, Namibia, a context without a metropolitan rail system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate transit-oriented development (TOD) in Windhoek, Namibia, using a node-place (NP) model for bus stops.
  • To analyze transport accessibility and land-use intensity within a 400-meter catchment area around 135 bus stops.
  • To assess the impact of different weighting schemes on the NP index and understand spatial variations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a node-place (NP) model assessing three node indicators (transport accessibility) and seven place indicators (land-use intensity).
  • Conducted spatial analysis in a GIS environment to integrate NP indicators for 135 bus stops in Windhoek.
  • Applied three weighting schemes (Analytic Hierarchy Process, entropy, equal weighting) to evaluate index robustness and weighting effects.

Main Results:

  • Most bus stops (80/135) exhibited higher place values than node values, indicating greater land-use intensity than transport accessibility.
  • Significant north-south spatial differences in NP values were observed along the B1 road, with the city center showing synergy and suburbs exhibiting dependence.
  • Sensitivity analysis revealed concordance between AHP and equal weighting, while entropy weighting showed significant changes, highlighting the need for context-dependent indicator calibration.

Conclusions:

  • Findings emphasize the necessity of context-specific TOD planning in African developing cities.
  • Proactive intervention is required to address systemic dependence issues and prevent future imbalances, even in the absence of typical "stress" conditions.
  • Potential health benefits of improved TOD, like increased physical activity and reduced emissions, are noted, alongside critical equity issues for low-income peripheral communities.