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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Using Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface to Improve Motor and Cognitive Function in Stroke Patients
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Toward Brain-Computer Interface motor rehabilitation for people with Multiple Sclerosis.

Marc Sebastián-Romagosa1, Woosang Cho2, Rupert Ortner1

  • 1g.tec Medical Engineering Spain SL, Barcelona, Spain.

Frontiers in Medicine
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that a novel brain-computer interface with functional electrical stimulation significantly improved Multiple Sclerosis symptoms, including gait and mobility, for up to six months.

Keywords:
Brain-Computer InterfaceEEGMultiple Sclerosisfunctional electrical simulation (FES)gait rehabilitationmotor imagery (MI)motor rehabilitationvirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease impacting myelin, leading to symptoms like pain, fatigue, cognitive issues, and mobility loss.
  • Current MS treatments aim to slow progression and manage symptoms, but a cure remains elusive.
  • A preliminary study explored a novel intervention for people with MS (pwMS) to address gait impairments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of a motor-imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) and virtual reality for improving gait in pwMS.
  • To assess the durability of treatment effects up to six months post-intervention.

Main Methods:

  • A single-arm, preliminary study enrolled 26 pwMS, with 24 completing 30 MI-BCI + FES sessions.
  • Outcomes including walking endurance (6-minute walking test), mobility/speed (TUG, T25FW), spasticity (MAS), and patient-reported outcomes (MSIS-29, MFIS) were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up (up to 37 weeks).
  • Statistical analysis used mixed models for repeated measures to analyze changes from baseline.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements were observed in walking endurance (37.3m increase on 6MWT, p < 0.001), exceeding the minimal clinically important difference.
  • Mobility and speed showed significant improvements (TUG and T25FW times decreased by -15.5% and -16.4%, respectively, p < 0.001).
  • Spasticity decreased by approximately 1 point on the MAS scale, and patient-reported outcomes improved significantly (MSIS-29: 10.18 points, MFIS: 7.29 points), with benefits sustained for 6 months.

Conclusions:

  • The MI-BCI + FES system demonstrated statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in gait, mobility, spasticity, and patient-reported outcomes in pwMS.
  • These positive effects were sustained for up to six months after the intervention period.
  • The findings suggest this novel intervention is a promising, hypothesis-generating approach for MS rehabilitation.