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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

1.8K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro
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Unveiling the myxofibrosarcoma tumor microenvironment: implications for immunotherapy.

Cecilia Profumo1,2, Massimiliano Grassi3,4, Valentina Rigo1

  • 1UOC Bioterapie, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Myxofibrosarcoma, a rare cancer, shows a complex tumor microenvironment with immune cells and angiogenic factors. Understanding these elements may lead to new immunotherapies for this aggressive sarcoma.

Keywords:
biomarkersimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmunotherapymyxofibrosarcomatumor microenvironment

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Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment
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Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with high recurrence rates and limited treatment options.
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) in sarcomas, including MFS, is increasingly recognized for its role in disease progression and therapeutic response.
  • Limited data exist on the immune landscape of MFS, necessitating further investigation into immune-related biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cellular and molecular characteristics of the immune infiltration within the MFS tumor microenvironment.
  • To assess the prognostic and predictive value of immune biomarkers, including immune checkpoint molecules, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, antigen presentation, and angiogenesis.
  • To explore potential immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the immune-vascular niche in MFS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies investigating the tumor microenvironment in Myxofibrosarcoma.
  • Analysis of existing data on immune checkpoint molecule expression (PD-1, PD-L1), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, antigen presentation pathways, and angiogenic signatures in MFS.
  • Examination of ongoing clinical trials related to immunomodulation in sarcoma.

Main Results:

  • Myxofibrosarcoma exhibits a heterogeneous immune landscape with variable expression of immune checkpoints like PD-1 and PD-L1.
  • The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, alterations in antigen presentation, and a significant angiogenic signature are noted features.
  • These immune and vascular characteristics suggest potential as prognostic and predictive biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • The immune microenvironment of Myxofibrosarcoma holds significant potential for clinical stratification and the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
  • Modulating the immune-vascular niche presents a promising avenue for innovative therapeutic strategies in advanced Myxofibrosarcoma.
  • Further research into immune biomarkers is crucial for advancing treatment options for this challenging sarcoma subtype.