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Related Concept Videos

Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

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The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
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Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

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In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Serologic IL-18 increase with B-cell IL-18R loss characterizes selective IgA deficiency.

Andri L Lemarquis1,2,3,4, Hildur Sigurgrimsdottir1,2, Fannar P Theodors1,2

  • 1Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.

Frontiers in Immunology
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Summary

Selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) involves immune dysregulation linked to infections and autoimmunity. This study identifies an IL-18-centered soluble signature and reduced IL-18 receptor expression in B cells, offering potential biomarkers for sIgAD.

Keywords:
CCL3CpGIL18IgATSLPTWEAKprimary antibody deficienciessCD40L

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency.
  • It is associated with increased risks of respiratory infections, atopy, and autoimmunity.
  • The underlying serologic and B-cell pathways are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize a population-based adult sIgAD cohort.
  • To identify soluble and transcriptional signatures linking cytokine milieu to B-cell dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 61 adults with sIgAD and 73 controls.
  • Measured serum immunoglobulins, autoantibodies, and a 65-plex cytokine panel.
  • Performed bulk RNA-seq on purified B cells.

Main Results:

  • sIgAD adults exhibited airway infections, atopy, and ANA/ENA positivity.
  • A five-analyte signature (IL-18, sCD40L, TSLP, CCL3, TWEAK) was elevated in sIgAD.
  • Reduced IL-18 receptor component expression was found in sIgAD B cells.

Conclusions:

  • Adult sIgAD has a blood-measurable endotype with an IL-18-centered signature.
  • Reduced IL-18 receptor expression and altered B-cell signaling are key features.
  • The IL-18-IL-18R axis is a potential target for sIgAD biomarkers and therapies.