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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Graphene oxide-based fluorescent biosensor for high-throughput screening to discover SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors.

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  • 1Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. dalheemin@snu.ac.kr.

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A new graphene oxide assay rapidly screens for antiviral drugs targeting viral RNA polymerase. Fingolimod was identified as a potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor, showing efficacy in cell-based studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Virology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for rapid antiviral drug discovery platforms.
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a critical target for antiviral therapies against RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
  • Existing RdRp assays lack high-throughput capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, high-throughput fluorescence-based assay for monitoring RdRp activity.
  • To identify potential RdRp inhibitors from FDA-approved drugs for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A graphene oxide-based assay was designed to detect RdRp activity via fluorescence changes.
  • The assay was optimized for homogeneous, multi-well plate formats.
  • A library of FDA-approved small molecules was screened using the developed assay.

Main Results:

  • The graphene oxide assay demonstrated real-time monitoring of RdRp activity.
  • Fingolimod was identified as a novel RdRp inhibitor.
  • In vitro cell-based assays confirmed fingolimod's ability to reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication without cytotoxicity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed graphene oxide assay is a robust and versatile tool for high-throughput antiviral drug screening.
  • Fingolimod shows potential as a repurposed direct-acting antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2.
  • This platform supports pandemic preparedness and rapid therapeutic discovery for emerging viral threats.