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Correction: Mimra et al. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in Objective Audiometry: A Scoping Review and Clinical Perspectives. <i>Audiol. Res.</i> 2026, <i>16</i>, 3.

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Retrocochlear Auditory Dysfunctions (RADs) and Their Treatment: A Narrative Review.

Domenico Cuda1,2, Patrizia Mancini3, Giuseppe Chiarella4

  • 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.

Audiology Research
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrocochlear auditory dysfunctions, like auditory neuropathy and auditory processing disorders, require accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment. Combined therapies show promise for improving communication and quality of life.

Keywords:
ANSDRADassistive listening deviceauditory neuropathyauditory neuropathy spectrum disordersauditory processing disorderauditory trainingcochlear implantgenetic mutationshearing aidshidden hearing lossneural desynchronizationretrocochlear auditory dysfunctionsretrocochlear hearing losssensorineural hearing loss

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Speech and Hearing Science

Background:

  • Retrocochlear auditory dysfunctions (RADs), including auditory neuropathy (AN) and auditory processing disorders (APD), involve impaired auditory processing beyond the cochlea.
  • These disorders present unique challenges in diagnosis and management due to their complex nature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the distinguishing features of AN and APD.
  • To synthesize recent advances in their classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment.
  • To update the understanding of etiologies and individualized rehabilitative strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive narrative literature review using major electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus).
  • Identification and synthesis of studies on AN and APD classification, diagnosis, and management.
  • Focus on etiologies (genetic/non-genetic) and rehabilitative approaches (bottom-up/top-down).

Main Results:

  • Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is characterized by neural desynchronization, abnormal auditory brainstem responses, and poor speech discrimination.
  • Auditory processing disorders (APD) involve central processing deficits with heterogeneous symptoms affecting speech perception.
  • Effective rehabilitation includes auditory training, cochlear implants, and remote microphone systems to improve signal-to-noise ratio.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and personalized, multidisciplinary management are crucial for optimizing communication and quality of life in patients with RADs.
  • Combined bottom-up and top-down interventions appear to yield superior outcomes.
  • Methodological heterogeneity in research necessitates further targeted studies to generalize treatment protocols.