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Beyond XX and XY, Understanding Sex Differences in Leukemia
Mai Mostafa1, Alaa Elhaddad2, Mohamed Z Gad3
1Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 21, 2026
Summary
Males have higher leukemia incidence and mortality, while females experience greater treatment toxicity but longer survival. Sex differences in leukemia are often underreported and crucial for understanding disease development and precision medicine.
Area of Science:
- Hematology
- Oncology
- Sex-Based Biology
Background:
- Sex-based disparities exist in major leukemia subtypes.
- Biological sex is an important, yet often overlooked, research variable in leukemia studies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on sex differences in leukemia.
- To identify research gaps concerning epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular patterns.
- To explore sex-specific implications for leukemia development and treatment.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of sex differences in leukemia.
- Analysis of epidemiological data, mortality rates, and survival trends.
- Examination of genetic, epigenetic, metabolomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Main Results:
- Males exhibit higher leukemia incidence and mortality rates compared to females.
- Females generally have higher survival rates but face more severe treatment toxicity.
- Sex differences in pediatric leukemia appear less pronounced.
Conclusions:
- Sex is a critical determinant in leukemia epidemiology, progression, and treatment response.
- Further research into molecular mechanisms underlying sex disparities is essential for advancing precision medicine in leukemia care.
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