Layer-Specific Proteomic Profiling of the Human Cornea Reveals Insights Into Structure and Biological Function

Clinical proteomics enhances our understanding of biological functions and pathological processes. Since the localization of various protein clusters within the cornea is still unknown, a spatial model of the human corneal proteome was established.

In this study, successive layers of corneal tissue from five human corneas were ablated using a nanosecond mid-infrared laser, with ablation depth verified by optical coherence tomography. Each layer was analyzed by LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics to generate a spatial map of the corneal proteome.

A total of 4,454 proteins were identified. A clear distinction between proteome clusters reflecting the tissue layers within the cornea was observed. Various biological processes were localized in the individual segments of the cornea. Increased abundances of metabolic proteins in the epithelium reflected high metabolic activity and regeneration processes. The endothelium was characterized by high energy demand and increased levels of transmembrane proteins. Notably, the stroma exhibited significantly higher abundances of immune-related proteins. A distinct proteomic profile was also observed in the subepithelial region, which is clinically involved in corneal wound healing.

These results highlight the proteomic differentiation and functional specialization of individual corneal layers and provide insights into key biological processes, including immune responses, wound healing, and corneal homeostasis. Additionally, these findings hold the potential to be contrasted with pathological conditions and to trace the morphological localization of pharmacological target molecules.