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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Controllable Crosslinking Enables High-Ionic-Conductivity Polymer Electrolyte for Solid-State Sodium Metal Batteries.

Mingcan Lin1, Fupeng Li1, Minjie Hou1,2

  • 1National Engineering Research Center of Vacuum Metallurgy Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces controllable photo-crosslinking for solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs), enhancing ionic conductivity. The optimized SPEs significantly improve the performance of solid-state sodium metal batteries (SSMBs).

Keywords:
UV photo‐crosslinkingcontrollable photo‐crosslinkinghigh ionic conductivitysolid‐state polymer electrolytessolid‐state sodium metal batteries“dead‐end” structures

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Ultraviolet (UV) photo-crosslinking is efficient for solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) but often increases crystallinity, hindering ionic conductivity.
  • Controlling polymer network structure is crucial for developing high-performance SPEs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop SPEs with high ionic conductivity using a controllable photo-crosslinking strategy.
  • To investigate the synergistic regulation of crystallinity and crosslinking density in SPEs.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) into poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) to control crosslinking.
  • Fabrication and characterization of optimized SPEs (P1.5V1.5NB).
  • Electrochemical testing of SPEs in sodium-metal battery configurations.

Main Results:

  • The optimized P1.5V1.5NB electrolyte achieved high ionic conductivity (1.39 × 10^-3 S cm^-1 at 30°C) and a wide electrochemical stability window (4.8 V).
  • A Na‖P1.5V1.5NB‖Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cell demonstrated excellent performance, delivering 92.62 mAh g^-1 at 2C with 89.26% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Controllable photo-crosslinking offers a novel strategy for fabricating high-performance SPEs.
  • The developed SPEs significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of solid-state sodium metal batteries (SSMBs).