Polyunsaturated fatty acids in biotechnology and health: Sources, Synthesis, Applications, and market trends

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential lipids that play a key role in human health with various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The main conventional source is marine fish; however, owing to sustainability and dietary preferences, microbial sources such as marine microalgae, yeast, fungi, and psychrophilic organisms have drawn interest as alternatives. This review considers the diverse microbial and natural sources of PUFAs and their biosynthesis pathways. In addition to their role in immune regulation and metabolic health, PUFAs are biologically significant, as they can reduce risk of chronic diseases, such as breast cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. The expanding global and Indian PUFA markets are driven by demand for plant and algae-based ω-3 alternatives, vegetarian dietary preferences, and rising consumer awareness. The findings suggest that microbial PUFA sources have become increasingly important and researchers should optimize their sustainable production and application strategies. By providing a comprehensive perspective, this review intends to present the microbial importance and scope for PUFA production.