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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Understanding the motion of particles is a fundamental aspect of classical mechanics, and the choice of the coordinate system plays a pivotal role in unraveling the complexities of their dynamics.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Three-Dimensional Shape Modeling and Analysis of Brain Structures
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No support for structural brain differences in adults with developmental coordination disorder: a fixel-based

Mireille J C M Augustijn1,2, Arthur De Raeve3, Helena Verhelst4,5

  • 1Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. Mireille.Augustijn@UGent.be.

Brain Structure & Function
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Adults with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) show no significant differences in brain structure compared to typically developing peers. Advanced neuroimaging found no evidence of altered grey or white matter organization in this adult DCD population.

Keywords:
Developmental coordination disorderFibre density and cross-sectionFixel-based analysisGrey matterMotor competenceWhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is characterized by motor deficits, but underlying neurological alterations are unclear.
  • Previous studies on pediatric DCD populations using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) yielded inconsistent results regarding grey matter (GM) volume and white matter (WM) organization.
  • DTI's limitations in handling crossing fibers may compromise the reliability of findings in prior research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential differences in GM volume and WM organization between adults with DCD and typically developing (TD) individuals.
  • To explore the relationship between WM organization and motor performance in adults with DCD.
  • To utilize the advanced fixel-based analysis (FBA) technique for more precise WM analysis, accounting for crossing fibers.

Main Methods:

  • Sixteen adults with DCD and thirteen TD adults (18-35 years) underwent motor assessments (MABC-2) and MRI scans (T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging).
  • Fixel-based analysis (FBA) was employed to analyze WM organization in key motor tracts (CST, cerebellar peduncles, SLF).
  • GM volume was assessed in motor-related regions (motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, DLPFC).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in GM volume were detected between adults with DCD and TD controls.
  • No significant differences in WM organization were found in major motor tracts between the groups.
  • No significant correlation was observed between WM organization and motor performance scores in adults with DCD.
  • Bayesian analyses provided anecdotal support for the absence of group differences, with moderate evidence for the null hypothesis in the left middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP).

Conclusions:

  • This study found no significant structural brain differences (GM volume or WM organization) in adults with DCD compared to TD peers using FBA.
  • The findings suggest that gross structural alterations may not be the primary driver of DCD in adulthood, or that effects are too small to detect with this sample size.
  • Larger sample sizes are required to definitively confirm these findings and investigate potential subtle neurological alterations in adult DCD.