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Development of a techno-economic framework for optimizing wastewater reuse.

Kirti Goyal1, Arun Kumar2

  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. goyalkirti2012@gmail.com.

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|January 21, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a decision support framework for wastewater reuse in India, evaluating 40 treatment trains for diverse applications. The optimal train for agricultural reuse costs USD 3.1 billion annually, highlighting varied costs and needs for water reuse strategies.

Keywords:
Circular economyDecision support systemSustainabilityTreated wastewaterWater resourcesWater reuse

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Water Resource Management
  • Sustainable Development

Background:

  • Growing urban populations face immense pressure to provide safe water.
  • Wastewater is a valuable resource for mitigating water shortages.
  • Implementing effective water reuse schemes is hindered by techno-economic and social challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a decision support framework for implementing wastewater reuse in India.
  • To synthesize and evaluate various treatment trains for different reuse applications.
  • To integrate lifecycle cost and performance estimation using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques within the Indian context.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a decision support framework for water reuse.
  • Synthesis and evaluation of 40 distinct wastewater treatment trains.
  • Integration of lifecycle cost analysis and performance estimation using MCDM.

Main Results:

  • Generated 40 treatment trains for applications including agriculture, horticulture, toilet flushing, environmental, recreational, and groundwater recharge.
  • Identified the optimal treatment train for agricultural reuse involves extended aeration followed by a tertiary process, with an annual lifecycle cost of USD 3.1 billion/m³/day.
  • Demonstrated that treatment requirements and lifecycle costs vary significantly based on the intended reuse application.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework provides a robust approach for evaluating wastewater reuse options.
  • Performance reliability and cost assessment are crucial for successful water reuse implementation.
  • Tailored treatment strategies are necessary to address the diverse needs of water reuse applications in India.