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Updated: Jan 23, 2026
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Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
Published on: August 25, 2014
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Apolipoprotein B for the refinement of cardiovascular risk assessment
Julius L Katzmann1, Ulrich Laufs1
1Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
|January 21, 2026
Abstract
No abstract available in PubMed .
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Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
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01:25Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation
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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
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S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
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S1 (First Heart Sound)-
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01:23Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data
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A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
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Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
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01:14Overview of the Cardiovascular System
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