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Related Concept Videos

Scalar and Vector Triple Products01:06

Scalar and Vector Triple Products

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Two vectors can be multiplied using a scalar product or a vector product. The resultant of a scalar product is scalar, while with vector products, the resultant is a vector. These rules of the scalar or vector product between two vectors can be applied to multiple vectors to obtain meaningful combinations. The scalar triple product is the dot product of a vector with the cross product of two vectors.
The scalar triple product is the dot product of a vector with the cross product of two vectors....
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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. In other words, work is done when a force acts on a body that undergoes a displacement from one position to another. By definition, the work done by a force is the integral of the force with respect to the displacement along its path. Forces can vary as a function of position, and displacements can occur along various paths between two points. The magnitude of a force multiplied by the cosine of the angle that the force makes...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model
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Sacituzumab Govitecan plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Sara M Tolaney1, Evandro de Azambuja2, Kevin Kalinsky3

  • 1Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston.

The New England Journal of Medicine
|January 21, 2026
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Sacituzumab govitecan combined with pembrolizumab significantly improved progression-free survival for advanced triple-negative breast cancer. This combination therapy offers a new option for patients with PD-L1 positive disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with limited treatment options.
  • Unmet need exists for improved outcomes in advanced, PD-L1-positive, unresectable or metastatic TNBC.
  • Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) positivity is a key biomarker in TNBC treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sacituzumab govitecan plus pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab.
  • To determine the impact of this combination on progression-free survival (PFS) in previously untreated advanced TNBC.
  • To assess secondary endpoints including overall survival, objective response rate, duration of response, and safety.

Main Methods:

  • Phase 3, open-label, international randomized trial.
  • 1:1 randomization to sacituzumab govitecan + pembrolizumab or chemotherapy + pembrolizumab.
  • Primary endpoint: PFS by blinded independent central review; secondary endpoints: OS, ORR, DOR, safety.

Main Results:

  • Sacituzumab govitecan + pembrolizumab showed significantly longer median PFS (11.2 months) vs chemotherapy + pembrolizumab (7.8 months).
  • Objective response rate was 60% for sacituzumab govitecan + pembrolizumab vs 53% for chemotherapy + pembrolizumab.
  • Grade 3+ adverse events were similar (71% vs 70%), but treatment discontinuation due to AEs was lower with sacituzumab govitecan (12% vs 31%).

Conclusions:

  • Sacituzumab govitecan plus pembrolizumab demonstrated superior PFS compared to chemotherapy plus pembrolizumab in first-line advanced TNBC.
  • This combination represents a significant advancement for patients with PD-L1-positive advanced triple-negative breast cancer.
  • The study was funded by Gilead Sciences and registered as ASCENT-04/KEYNOTE-D19 (NCT05382286).