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ForSpEC: A compact forensic epigenetic age clock for sperm cells with cross‑platform validation.

Aleksandra Pisarek-Pacek1, Joanna Rudnicka2, Rezvan Noroozi3

  • 1Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Street 9, Krakow 30-387, Poland.

Forensic Science International. Genetics
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Forensic DNA intelligence is advanced by a new epigenetic clock for sperm, ForSpEC, using only seven CpG markers. This tool accurately predicts age from sperm DNA, aiding forensic investigations.

Keywords:
Bisulfite amplicon sequencingDNA methylationEPIC microarrayEpigenetic age predictorForSpECForensic epigeneticsSemenSperm cells

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic science
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomic analysis

Background:

  • Accurate DNA-based predictive models are crucial for forensic DNA intelligence.
  • Predicting epigenetic age in sperm presents unique challenges due to the specific biology of male reproductive cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Germ Line Age (GLA) calculator for sperm age prediction.
  • To develop a streamlined set of sperm cell-specific markers for forensic applications.
  • To create an integrated laboratory tool for targeted methylation profiling using Ion AmpliSeq™ technology.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide DNA methylation was measured in 212 sperm samples using Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays.
  • The Germ Line Age (GLA) model was applied, achieving a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.82 years.
  • A subset of eight optimal CpG markers was identified, refined to seven for the ForSpEC model, and validated using Ion AmpliSeq™ data.

Main Results:

  • The ForSpEC model predicted age with an MAE of 3.13 years on test samples and 3.76 years on Ion AmpliSeq™ data.
  • The seven CpGs in ForSpEC are among the most accurate predictors of sperm epigenetic age.
  • ForSpEC demonstrated high utility with Ion AmpliSeq™ technology for forensic DNA methylation analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The study introduces ForSpEC, a highly accurate forensic epigenetic clock for sperm, utilizing only seven CpG markers.
  • ForSpEC offers a modest reduction in accuracy compared to the 261 CpG GLA model.
  • The findings highlight the effectiveness of targeted DNA methylation analysis using Ion AmpliSeq™ for forensic applications.