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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

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The relationship between neonatal hyperglycemia, neonatal illness, and 3-year outcomes in extremely preterm infants

Shin Fujiwara1, Ryou Furukawa1, Seiko Maeno1

  • 1Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Hiroshima Prefecture Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.

Early Human Development
|January 21, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Neonatal hyperglycemia in extremely preterm infants is linked to prematurity but not independently associated with long-term neurodevelopmental issues at age 3. Further research is needed to understand these complex relationships.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Neonatal hyperglycemia is a concern in extremely preterm (EPT) infants.
  • Understanding its impact on development is crucial for EPT infant care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between neonatal hyperglycemia and perinatal factors, morbidities, and 3-year developmental outcomes in EPT infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of EPT infants (born <28 weeks gestation).
  • Hyperglycemia categorized based on blood glucose levels (≥150 mg/dL or ≥180 mg/dL).
  • Neurodevelopmental assessment at 3 years using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD).

Main Results:

  • Greater hyperglycemia correlated with lower gestational age and birth weight.
  • Severe hyperglycemia linked to increased postnatal steroid use and late-onset circulatory collapse (LCC).
  • Univariate analysis showed lower DQ and P-M DQ scores with severe hyperglycemia, but this was not significant after adjustment for birth weight and LCC.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal hyperglycemia in EPT infants is associated with greater immaturity.
  • No independent association found between neonatal hyperglycemia and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years.
Abstract

Keywords:
Age 3 yearsDevelopmental quotientExtremely preterm infantsFirst monthHyperglycemiaNeurodevelopment

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