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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Don't Sweat the Swelling: Exercise Volume's Transient Effects in Trained Men.

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Higher training volumes (14 and 21 sets) increased perceived exertion and decreased recovery status in trained males. However, muscle thickness and performance markers remained unaffected by session volume, indicating no sustained swelling or edema.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Optimizing resistance training volume is crucial for maximizing adaptations while minimizing fatigue.
  • Understanding the acute effects of varying session volumes on perceptual, performance, and morphological responses is essential for training prescription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the acute effects of different lower-body resistance training session volumes (7, 14, and 21 sets) on perceptual, performance, and morphological outcomes.
  • To examine the transient responses of muscle thickness, echo-intensity, and performance markers following varied training volumes.

Main Methods:

  • Thirteen trained males completed three counterbalanced sessions: 7, 14, or 21 sets targeting the lower body.
  • Performance was assessed via 10 repetition-maximum (10RM) squat.
  • Muscle thickness (MT) and echo-intensity (EI) were measured at baseline and up to 72 hours post-session; perceived recovery status (PRS) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded.

Main Results:

  • The 14 and 21-set conditions resulted in significantly greater volume load (VL).
  • Perceptual responses (PRS and RPE) were significantly affected by training volume, with the 21-set condition showing higher RPE and lower PRS.
  • No significant differences or time effects were observed for MT, EI, or 10RM-VL across conditions, with all measures returning to baseline within 24 hours.

Conclusions:

  • While higher training volumes (14 and 21 sets) elicit greater perceptual fatigue and reduced recovery, they do not appear to induce sustained muscle swelling or negatively impact acute performance markers in trained individuals.
  • These findings suggest that acute morphological changes and performance decrements are transient and volume-dependent within the tested range, highlighting the importance of monitoring perceptual recovery alongside training load.