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Bone structure and body composition in adolescents with cow's milk allergy in infancy: a clinical cohort study

Sonja Piippo1, Tero Varimo2, Helena Hauta-Alus2,3,4

  • 1Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland sonja.piippo@helsinki.fi.

BMJ Paediatrics Open
|January 21, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Children with a history of cow's milk allergy (CMA) may have lower bone density in adolescence. This study compared bone structure in adolescents with confirmed CMA versus those with refuted CMA and controls, finding reduced vBMD in the confirmed group.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
  • Bone Health Research
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is common in infancy.
  • Nutritional impacts of CMA during childhood require further investigation.
  • Bone development is crucial during adolescence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare bone structure and body composition in adolescents with a history of challenge-confirmed CMA versus those with refuted CMA and controls.
  • To assess the long-term skeletal effects of early-life CMA.

Main Methods:

  • Observational clinical cohort study involving adolescents aged 15-18 years.
  • Participants included individuals with challenge-confirmed CMA, refuted CMA, and age-matched controls.
  • Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) measured by peripheral quantitative CT; body composition by bioelectric impedance analysis.

Main Results:

  • Adolescents with confirmed CMA showed significantly lower volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the distal radius compared to those with refuted CMA.
  • Lower vBMD at the distal tibia was observed in the confirmed CMA group compared to controls.
  • No significant differences in body composition were found between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • Early childhood cow's milk allergy may be associated with reduced adolescent bone mineral density in the radius and tibia.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and long-term implications of this association.
  • Findings highlight the importance of monitoring bone health in individuals with a history of CMA.
Abstract

Keywords:
Adolescent HealthEndocrinology

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