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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
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Appearance is a multidimensional aspect of self-presentation that encompasses observable attributes such as clothing, grooming, speech, and nonverbal behavior. These elements are often strategically managed to align with socially constructed expectations in different settings. For instance, individuals tailor their appearance during job interviews, social gatherings, or athletic events to meet the perceived norms of those environments.Contextual Adaptation and Social SignalsThe research...
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Thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows.

Mukun Li1, Peiyu Qiu2, Haobo Wen2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.

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|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Thermochromic hydrogels offer tunable optical properties for smart windows, reducing energy use in buildings. This review details chemical and physical strategies to optimize these hydrogels for improved thermal management and energy conservation.

Keywords:
Energy conservation and emission reductionHydrogelsThermal management smart windowsThermochromism

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Science
  • Sustainable Technology

Background:

  • Smart windows regulate indoor temperature by controlling solar radiation, reducing energy consumption for HVAC systems.
  • Thermochromic hydrogels are promising materials for smart windows due to their temperature responsiveness, tunable optical properties, and cost-effectiveness.
  • Effective thermal management in buildings is crucial for energy conservation and achieving carbon neutrality goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the research progress of thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows.
  • To explore chemical and physical modification strategies for intrinsic and composite thermochromic hydrogels.
  • To identify current challenges and future directions for optimizing thermochromic hydrogels in smart window applications.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of intrinsic thermochromic hydrogels via chemical and physical modification.
  • Review of composite thermochromic hydrogels, focusing on photothermal fillers and thermochromic components.
  • Analysis of optimization strategies and challenges for thermochromic hydrogels in smart windows.

Main Results:

  • Thermochromic hydrogels demonstrate significant potential for broadband optical modulation and thermal management.
  • Both intrinsic and composite hydrogel strategies offer pathways for enhanced performance.
  • Incorporation of photothermal fillers and specific thermochromic components are key to advanced functionality.

Conclusions:

  • Thermochromic hydrogels are versatile materials for energy-efficient smart windows.
  • Further research into modification strategies is needed to overcome current challenges.
  • Optimization of thermochromic hydrogels will drive advancements in smart window technology and sustainable building design.