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Related Concept Videos

Absolute and Local Extreme Values01:22

Absolute and Local Extreme Values

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The highest and lowest values of a function, relative to a reference axis, are known as extreme values. These include absolute maximum and absolute minimum values, which represent the highest and lowest points the function reaches across its entire domain. Within a restricted portion of the function, the highest and lowest values are referred to as local maximum and local minimum values, respectively.Periodic functions, such as sine and cosine, show extreme values at infinitely many points due...
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
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Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison01:14

Drug Dissolution: Requirements and Profile Comparison

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The acceptance criteria for dissolution profile data are anchored in Q values, representing the percentage of drug dissolved within a specified period. This assessment unfolds in three stages:First Stage: The test passes if all six drug dosage units are equal to or greater than Q plus 5%; otherwise, the sample proceeds to the second stage.Second Stage: The average of twelve units must be equal to or greater than Q, with no unit falling below Q - 15% to pass; if not, it progresses to the final...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug pKa, Lipophilicity and GI pH01:21

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Drug absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex process influenced by several critical factors, including the site pH, the drug's dissociation constant (pKa), and the drug's lipophilicity. The GI tract exhibits a pH gradient, with an acidic environment in the stomach and a more alkaline environment in the small intestine. This pH variation directly affects the ionization state of drugs.
A drug's pKa and the pH of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play crucial roles...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

An In Vitro Dissolution Determination of Multi-Index Components in Tibetan Medicine Rhodiola Granules
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Extreme barocaloric effect at dissolution.

Kun Zhang1,2, Yifang Liu1,2, Ying Gao3

  • 1Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.

Nature
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel barocaloric refrigeration method using ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) aqueous solutions offers a sustainable, low-carbon alternative. This approach achieves unprecedented cooling capacity and efficiency, surpassing existing caloric materials for practical cooling applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Vapour-compression refrigeration dominates but uses harmful fluorocarbons.
  • Solid-state caloric refrigeration is a promising low-carbon alternative but faces challenges.
  • Existing methods suffer from limited cooling capacity and inefficient heat transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore a novel barocaloric effect in NH4SCN aqueous solutions.
  • To overcome limitations of current refrigeration technologies.
  • To develop a high-capacity, efficient, and sustainable cooling solution.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated pressure-tuned dissolution and precipitation in NH4SCN aqueous solutions.
  • Demonstrated an extreme barocaloric effect.
  • Designed and simulated a Carnot-like cycle for the system.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an in situ temperature drop of 26.8 K at room temperature.
  • Reported a cooling capacity of 67 J g⁻¹ per cycle.
  • Attained a second-law efficiency of 77% with direct heat transfer.

Conclusions:

  • NH4SCN aqueous solutions exhibit an extreme barocaloric effect for efficient refrigeration.
  • The dissolution-based approach offers a sustainable alternative to conventional refrigerants.
  • This method presents a promising pathway for practical, high-performance, and eco-friendly cooling systems.