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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

894
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
894
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

776
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
776
Language Development01:22

Language Development

872
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
872
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

730
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
730
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

497
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
497
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

3.5K
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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HealthContradict: Evaluating biomedical knowledge conflicts in language models.

Boya Zhang1, Alban Bornet2, Rui Yang3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. boya.zhang@unige.ch.

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|January 21, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Language models can answer health questions using context, but conflicting information impacts responses. Fine-tuned biomedical models excel at using correct context and resisting incorrect information.

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Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Biomedical Informatics
  • Natural Language Processing

Background:

  • Language models (LMs) are increasingly used for health information retrieval.
  • Evaluating LM performance with complex, contradictory biomedical information is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess how LMs reason over long, conflicting biomedical contexts.
  • To evaluate the impact of different contextual settings on LM responses to health questions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized HealthContradict, an expert-verified dataset of 920 instances with health questions, factual answers, and contradictory documents.
  • Tested various prompt settings, including correct, incorrect, and contradictory contexts.
  • Measured the impact of context on LM outputs.

Main Results:

  • HealthContradict dataset differentiates LM contextual reasoning capabilities more effectively than existing benchmarks.
  • Fine-tuned biomedical LMs demonstrate an ability to leverage correct context.
  • Models showed resilience against incorrect or contradictory contextual information.

Conclusions:

  • Biomedical LMs' strength stems from both pretraining knowledge and contextual reasoning.
  • LMs can effectively utilize accurate health information while mitigating the influence of misinformation.