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  1. Home
  3. Cognitive Flexibility Versus Stability Via Activation-based And Weight-based Adaptations.
  1. Home
  3. Cognitive Flexibility Versus Stability Via Activation-based And Weight-based Adaptations.

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Cognitive flexibility versus stability via activation-based and weight-based adaptations.

Shengjie Xu1, Tom Verguts2, Senne Braem2

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. sjx667@gmail.com.

Communications Psychology
|January 21, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a neural network model explaining how cognitive control adapts at different speeds. It differentiates fast, activation-based adaptations from slower, weight-based ones, mirroring human flexibility-stability shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Human cognitive control involves balancing flexibility and stability for task switching.
  • Control adaptation occurs across multiple timescales, suggesting diverse underlying mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a recurrent neural network model simulating cognitive flexibility and stability dynamics.
  • To investigate the computational mechanisms behind fast (activation-based) and slow (weight-based) control adaptations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a recurrent neural network model to simulate behavioral indices of cognitive control.
  • Conducted four simulation studies to analyze model dynamics.
  • Validated model predictions using an existing human dataset (N=102).

Main Results:

  • Activation-based adaptations facilitate rapid shifts in cognitive flexibility.
  • Weight-based adaptations, dependent on control settings, exhibit slower learning dynamics.
  • The model learned to associate context with control settings, mimicking human context-dependent flexibility-stability shifts.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated fast and slow control adaptations into a unified computational framework.
  • Advanced understanding of human adaptive behavior and regulatory mechanisms.
  • Highlighted the distinct roles of activation-based and weight-based adaptations in cognitive control.