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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Lipids01:32

Membrane Lipids

33.6K
Lipids are an essential component of all biological membranes. The average lipid content in mammalian membranes is 50%, though it can be as low as 20% in the inner mitochondrial membrane or as high as 80% in the myelin sheath present around the nerve cells.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin are the most common phospholipids present in mammalian membranes. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine is negatively charged, while the other three...
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Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
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Structure of Lipids03:38

Structure of Lipids

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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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What are Lipids?01:38

What are Lipids?

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Overview
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Lipid Digestion01:06

Lipid Digestion

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Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
11:07

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: December 19, 2014

13.1K

Host-membrane lipid composition controls Cryptococcus neoformans cellular targets.

Aswathi I Ramesh1, Sumukha Hegde1, Aarsh Mahendra Dabhi1

  • 1Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) from Cryptococcus neoformans preferentially targets neurons by interacting with phosphatidylcholine-rich membranes. This interaction leads to synaptic deficits, contributing to neurological damage in meningoencephalitis.

Keywords:
Cryptococcus neoformanscerebral organoidshuman neuronslipidomicsmembrane lipidsmeningoencephalitisneural stem cellspluripotent stem cells

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Visualizing Non-lytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from Macrophages Using Digital Light Microscopy
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Visualizing Non-lytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from Macrophages Using Digital Light Microscopy

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Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans
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Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

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Visualizing Non-lytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from Macrophages Using Digital Light Microscopy
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Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans
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Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: February 27, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cryptococcus neoformans causes fatal meningoencephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
  • The fungal capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is a key virulence factor enabling brain invasion.
  • Understanding GXM's interaction with neural cells is crucial for treating cryptococcal meningitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathogenesis of GXM in the brain.
  • To identify the cellular and molecular targets of GXM.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying GXM-induced neurological deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells, neurons, and cerebral organoids.
  • Employed cryosectioning, immunostaining, western blot, and untargeted lipidomics.
  • Developed atomistic models of neuronal membranes to simulate GXM interactions.

Main Results:

  • GXM exposure caused subtle cell death but did not affect progenitor cell proliferation.
  • GXM preferentially targeted neurons, reducing synaptophysin levels.
  • Lipidomic analysis revealed higher phosphatidylcholine and lower phosphatidylethanolamine in neurons; atomistic models confirmed GXM-neuronal membrane attraction via phosphatidylcholine.

Conclusions:

  • Neuronal membranes rich in phosphatidylcholine are primary targets for GXM.
  • GXM-induced synaptic deficits in neurons contribute to neurological dysfunction.
  • This study reveals pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for C. neoformans meningoencephalitis.