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Related Concept Videos

AC Sources01:20

AC Sources

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Direct current is a flow of electric charge in only one direction and has a steady state of constant voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers, batteries, commutator-equipped generators, and fuel cells are some examples of devices that generate direct current. Nowadays, most applications use a time-varying voltage source. Alternating current is a flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. An alternating current is produced by an alternating emf that is generated in a power plant. If...
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The principle of power preservation is applicable to both ac and dc circuits. This principle, when applied to AC power, asserts that the complex, real, and reactive powers produced by the source are equal to the total complex, real, and reactive powers absorbed by the loads. When two load impedances are connected in parallel to an ac source V, the complex power provided by the source can be calculated using the relation
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Capacitor in an AC Circuit01:23

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
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Compton Imaging of Ac-225 In Pre-clinical Phantoms With a 3D-positioning CZT Camera.

Biswajit Das1, Baharak Mehrdel1, David Goodman2

  • 1University of California San Francisco, California, USA.

IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Compton imaging offers a highly sensitive alternative for visualizing low-activity 225Ac radiopharmaceuticals, crucial for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) research. This advanced technique enables faster, more detailed in-vivo studies in small animals, accelerating cancer treatment development.

Keywords:
Compton imagingactinium-225alpha therapygamma-ray imagingtheranostics

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear medicine and medical imaging
  • Radiopharmaceutical science
  • Cancer therapy research

Background:

  • 225Ac-based radiopharmaceuticals show promise for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) in cancer treatment.
  • In-vivo imaging of 225Ac and its daughters is challenging for SPECT due to low activity and gamma emissions.
  • Current SPECT imaging requires long sessions, limiting pre-clinical evaluation of 225Ac agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore Compton imaging as a high-sensitivity alternative to SPECT for 225Ac radiopharmaceuticals.
  • To evaluate a 3D-positioning CZT camera for imaging 225Ac daughters (213Bi and 221Fr).
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of imaging low-activity 225Ac sources and phantoms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 3D-positioning cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) camera (M400, H3D) for Compton imaging.
  • Imaged 225Ac point sources and a mouse phantom at various low activity levels (kBq range).
  • Assessed imaging sensitivity and time for 213Bi (440 keV) and 221Fr (218 keV) gamma rays.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high Compton imaging sensitivity for 213Bi (1014 cps/MBq) and 221Fr (467 cps/MBq).
  • Demonstrated simultaneous imaging of 213Bi and 221Fr from multiple low-activity 225Ac sources in 18 minutes.
  • Successfully imaged a mouse phantom with ~0.55 MBq activity in seconds for 213Bi and 36 seconds for 221Fr.

Conclusions:

  • Compton imaging with CZT cameras significantly enhances sensitivity for low-activity 225Ac daughters.
  • This method enables faster and more detailed in-vivo biokinetics studies for TAT development.
  • Compton imaging is a viable alternative to SPECT for accelerating the discovery of new 225Ac radiopharmaceuticals.