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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Standardization of Basket Use in Sialendoscopy: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study
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Standardization of Basket Use in Sialendoscopy: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study

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Conversion TORS after neoadjuvant immunotherapy for advanced BOT-SCC: a retrospective study.

Quanquan Lin1,2, Yingjuan Zhang3, Jinlong Sun2

  • 1Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Oncology
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neoadjuvant therapy with pembrolizumab enabled transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for advanced base-of-tongue squamous cell carcinoma (BOT-SCC). This approach achieved radical resection with minimal complications and good functional outcomes, suggesting TORS is viable for select BOT-SCC patients.

Keywords:
base-of-tongue squamous cell carcinomadownstagingfunctional outcomesneoadjuvant immunotherapypembrolizumabtransoral robotic surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Robotic Surgery

Background:

  • Advanced base-of-tongue squamous cell carcinoma (BOT-SCC) traditionally poses challenges for transoral resection due to deep invasion and margin difficulties.
  • Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers potential for minimally invasive treatment but has been limited in advanced BOT-SCC cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy in enabling TORS for patients with advanced BOT-SCC.
  • To assess perioperative outcomes, functional recovery, and oncologic control following neoadjuvant therapy and TORS.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of nine patients with advanced BOT-SCC (stage ≥T4N2bM0).
  • Patients received three cycles of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab followed by TORS and neck dissection.
  • Evaluated radiologic response, tumor shrinkage, operative metrics, complications (Clavien-Dindo), and functional outcomes (MDADI, FOIS, GRBAS).

Main Results:

  • Neoadjuvant therapy resulted in significant tumor downstaging, with 66.7% partial response and a mean tumor reduction of 35.6%.
  • All patients achieved R0 resection with acceptable operative times and minimal blood loss.
  • Tumor shrinkage correlated inversely with operative time and blood loss; functional outcomes at 3 months were favorable with no major complications.

Conclusions:

  • Neoadjuvant therapy can make select patients with advanced BOT-SCC candidates for TORS, facilitating oncologically sound resection.
  • This approach demonstrated low perioperative morbidity and promising early functional recovery.
  • Further prospective studies are needed to refine patient selection and explore biomarker-guided de-intensification strategies.