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Inflammation

Inflammation

Communication

Communication

Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.

Communication

Communication

Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.

What is the Immune System?

What is the Immune System?

Therapeutic Communication

Therapeutic Communication

Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
Verbal communication depends on language or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share information effectively. The critical aspects of verbal...

Neuronal Communication

Neuronal Communication

Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...

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Vascular Occlusion Training for Inclusion Body Myositis: A Novel Therapeutic Approach

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Published on: June 5, 2010

Trained Immunity in Interorgan Communication and Vascular Inflammation.

¹Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Germany (A.L.).

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

|January 22, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ischemic stroke and heart attack survivors face long-term health risks due to trained immunity. This immune memory, triggered by injury, causes chronic inflammation and increases the risk of multiple diseases.

Keywords:

cardiovascular disease epigenetic memory ischemic stroke monocytes trained immunity

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Metabolic Disease Research

Background:

Patients surviving ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction have a high risk of long-term cardiovascular and metabolic issues.
Trained immunity, a form of innate immune memory, is increasingly recognized as a key factor in these comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of trained immunity in mediating interorgan communication after ischemic events.
To understand how trained immunity contributes to the development of multimorbidity in vascular patients.
To discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting innate immune memory.

Main Methods:

Review of emerging evidence on trained immunity and its impact on hematopoietic progenitors.
Analysis of mechanisms linking sterile insults (stroke, myocardial infarction) to persistent inflammatory memory.
Conceptual framework development for understanding systemic immune circuits.

Main Results:

Ischemic events induce trained immunity by reprogramming bone marrow progenitors, leading to sustained inflammation.
This reprogramming biases myelopoiesis, generating proinflammatory monocytes that affect distant organs.
Trained immunity links single ischemic events to cardiac dysfunction, accelerated atherosclerosis, and metabolic exacerbation.

Conclusions:

Trained immunity is a central mechanism explaining multimorbidity after ischemic events.
Understanding these immune circuits offers a framework for novel therapeutic interventions.
Targeting maladaptive innate immune memory may mitigate chronic vascular inflammation and disease.