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A Comparative Analysis of Peripheral Dose Measurement Between Apex and Agility Collimators in Linear Accelerators.

Minnu N Tomy1, Shambhavi C1, Sarath S Nair2

  • 1Medical Radiation Physics Programme, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral dose (PD) from Apex and Agility multileaf collimators (MLCs) varies with beam energy and depth. Apex MLCs and flattened-free (FFF) beams show reduced peripheral doses, enhancing radiotherapy safety.

Keywords:
AgilityApexLinear AcceleratorMulti-Leaf CollimatorPeripheral Dose

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Optimizing radiotherapy safety and precision requires accurate assessment of peripheral dose (PD).
  • Multileaf collimators (MLCs), such as Apex and Agility, play a crucial role in shaping radiation beams.
  • Understanding PD distributions is essential for minimizing off-target radiation exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and evaluate peripheral dose (PD) distributions from Apex and Agility MLCs.
  • To assess the impact of varying beam energies, field sizes, and depths on PD.
  • To inform optimization strategies for radiotherapy safety and precision.

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral doses were measured using Semiflex and PinPoint ionization chambers in a water phantom.
  • Measurements were conducted at depths of 2, 4, 8, and 10 cm.
  • Doses were recorded at distances of 1-5 cm from the field edge for various photon beam energies (6 FF, 6 FFF, 10 FF, 15 FF MV) and field sizes (5x5 cm², 10x10 cm²).

Main Results:

  • Peripheral dose decreased with increasing distance from the field edge and varied with depth and beam energy.
  • The PinPoint chamber consistently measured lower doses near the field edge compared to the Semiflex chamber.
  • Agility MLCs generally resulted in higher peripheral doses than Apex MLCs, particularly at greater depths and closer distances to the field edge.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral dose is significantly influenced by MLC design, photon energy, depth, and beam size.
  • The observed reduction in peripheral dose with Apex MLCs and flattened-free (FFF) beams is a positive outcome.
  • These findings support the continued use of Apex MLCs and FFF beams in advanced radiotherapy techniques and clinical decision-making.