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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.8K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides
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Sulfidation Unlocks Dual Reductive Pathways in Uranium Immobilization by Iron Sulfide.

Enyang Liu1, Zezhen Pan1,2, Xingxing Wang1,3

  • 1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Air Quality and Environmental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Iron sulfide minerals immobilize uranium (U) through dual pathways. Redox-driven structural changes in iron sulfides activate different mechanisms for U(VI) reduction, impacting contaminant fate.

Keywords:
Fe(II) reactivitymackinawite (FeS)oxidationsulfidationuranium reduction

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Mineralogy

Background:

  • Iron sulfide minerals are key in immobilizing uranium in anoxic environments.
  • Understanding electron transfer mechanisms in iron sulfides is crucial for contaminant remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dual pathways of U(VI) reduction mediated by iron sulfide minerals.
  • To elucidate the role of structural transformations and pH on uranium immobilization.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative experiments using pristine, oxidized, and sulfur-enriched mackinawite (FeS).
  • Analysis of redox-driven structural changes and their impact on electron transfer.
  • Assessment of pH-dependent uranium reduction and surface passivation.

Main Results:

  • Iron sulfide minerals (FeS) exhibit dual pathways for U(VI) reduction via structural S(-II) oxidation or Fe(II) coreduction.
  • Sulfidation-induced structural changes in sulfur-enriched FeS activate Fe(II) as a coreductant.
  • Uranium reduction is pH-dependent, with surface passivation observed at higher pH.

Conclusions:

  • Stoichiometry and structure of iron sulfides significantly regulate uranium reduction and immobilization.
  • These findings are critical for predicting the behavior of redox-sensitive contaminants in subsurface environments.