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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Rice OsMKK6-OsMPK4 cascade regulates endosperm cellularization via Polycomb Repressive Complex 2.

Zengqian Wang1, Yan Yan2, Bin Lv1,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.

Science China. Life Sciences
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The OsMKK6-OsMPK4 cascade is crucial for rice endosperm cellularization. Disrupting this signaling pathway leads to endosperm abortion, impacting seed development and yield.

Keywords:
MAPKPRC2cellularizationendospermrice

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cereal endosperm is vital for human and animal nutrition.
  • Early endosperm development, including nuclear division and cellularization, is critical for seed viability and yield.
  • Regulatory mechanisms controlling early cereal endosperm development are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the OsMKK6-OsMPK4 cascade in early rice endosperm development.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying endosperm cellularization in rice.

Main Methods:

  • Gene knockout studies (OsMKK6, OsMPK4, OsFIE1, OsFIE2).
  • Analysis of endosperm cellularization defects.
  • Investigation of protein interactions and phosphorylation.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation to assess H3K27me3 modification at imprinted gene loci.

Main Results:

  • Knockout of OsMKK6 or OsMPK4 resulted in maternally inherited endosperm abortion due to impaired cellularization.
  • The OsMKK6-OsMPK4 cascade directly phosphorylates OsFIE1 and OsFIE2, components of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).
  • This phosphorylation modulates H3K27me3 levels at imprinted gene loci, and mutations in OsFIE1/OsFIE2 phenocopy the cellularization defects.

Conclusions:

  • The OsMKK6-OsMPK4 signaling pathway is essential for rice endosperm cellularization.
  • This study links MAPK signaling to PRC2 function in regulating endosperm development.
  • Findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of rice endosperm development and its impact on yield.