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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

216.9K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

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In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
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The Microfluidic Probe: Operation and Use for Localized Surface Processing
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An In Operando Probe of CO2 Diffusion by Microfluidic Spectroelectrochemistry.

Aermanjiang Tiemuer1, Dong Liu1,2, Longfei Chen1

  • 1NSFC Basic Science Center for Ordered Energy Conversion, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.

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We developed a new method to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion during electrochemical reduction. This technique corrects for electrolyte effects, revealing CO2 diffusion follows classical theory and enabling better control of CO2 supply.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion is crucial for efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction, especially at high current densities.
  • Accurate measurement of CO2 diffusion coefficients in electrolytes is essential for optimizing CO2 reduction reactions.
  • Electrolyte chemistry, particularly cation effects, can significantly influence CO2 concentration profiles and lead to inaccurate diffusion measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a microfluidic spectroelectrochemical approach for in operando measurement of CO2 diffusion coefficients.
  • To investigate and correct for the impact of cation-affected electrolyte chemistry on CO2 diffusion measurements.
  • To quantify the modulation of the bicarbonate/aqueous CO2 equilibrium constant under electrolysis conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microfluidic spectroelectrochemical cell for real-time measurements.
  • Utilizing crown ethers to isolate and mitigate cation effects on electrolyte chemistry.
  • Analyzing CO2 concentration profiles to determine diffusion coefficients and equilibrium constants.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that cation-affected electrolyte chemistry can lead to erroneous CO2 diffusion coefficient measurements.
  • Showed that CO2 diffusion adheres to classical theory when cation effects are isolated.
  • Quantified a modulation of the HCO3-/CO2(aq) equilibrium constant by over three orders of magnitude during electrolysis.

Conclusions:

  • The developed microfluidic spectroelectrochemical method provides accurate in operando measurements of CO2 diffusion.
  • Understanding cation effects and HCO3-/CO2(aq) equilibrium is critical for controlling CO2 supply to the electrode.
  • CO2 supply mechanisms are potential-dependent, dominated by diffusion or equilibrium reactions based on steric effects.