Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Expected Value01:15

Expected Value

7.4K
The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:
7.4K
Self Within Cultural Contexts01:30

Self Within Cultural Contexts

222
Cultural frameworks for understanding the self are often categorized into two broad orientations: individualism and collectivism. These paradigms influence how people define themselves, relate to others, and interpret their social worlds. Each orientation offers distinct perspectives on autonomy, responsibility, and the role of the individual within a community.Individualistic CulturesIn individualistic cultures like North America and Western Europe, identity is understood as autonomous and...
222
Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

23.2K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
23.2K
Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

2.6K
Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
2.6K
Understanding Consciousness01:23

Understanding Consciousness

1.8K
Consciousness can be defined as the state of being aware of and able to think about one's existence, sensations, and surroundings. It encompasses two major components: awareness and arousal. Awareness pertains to the recognition of environmental stimuli and internal states. At the same time, arousal refers to the physiological readiness to engage with these stimuli, which varies significantly between states like sleep and wakefulness.
Sleep, a crucial state, is characterized by reduced...
1.8K
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

88.6K
The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
88.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Iron-addicted colorectal cancers exploit heme-complex II axis to resist oxidative cell death.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same author

Beyond traditional tetracyclines: a real-world evaluation of effectiveness and safety of omadacycline therapy for complex bacterial infections.

BMC infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Predictive acoustical processing in human cortical layers.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Protein-encapsulated fluorogenic probes for the selective detection of endogenous O-GlcNAcase (OGA).

Chemical science·2026
Same author

BRD4-mediated ER membrane contact creates functionally distinct mitochondrial subtypes.

Molecular cell·2026
Same author

Neural and computational mechanisms underlying one-shot perceptual learning in humans.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice
08:52

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Published on: August 30, 2017

77.2K

Expectation Exerts Flexible and Context-dependent Influence on Conscious Object Recognition.

Yuan-Hao Wu1, Brandon Chen1, Biyu J He1,2

  • 1New York University Grossman School of Medicine.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prior expectation influences visual perception, but its effects depend on attention. Stronger cues reduce errors, improving recognition of expected objects.

More Related Videos

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget
05:57

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Published on: November 20, 2018

58.9K
Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining
13:11

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

Published on: October 5, 2019

7.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice
08:52

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

Published on: August 30, 2017

77.2K
Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget
05:57

Novel Object Recognition and Object Location Behavioral Testing in Mice on a Budget

Published on: November 20, 2018

58.9K
Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining
13:11

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

Published on: October 5, 2019

7.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Prior expectation significantly impacts perception, but its influence is often confounded by attention.
  • Understanding the independent and interactive effects of expectation and attention on conscious recognition is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate how expectation influences conscious visual object recognition.
  • To disentangle the effects of expectation from those of attention in visual perception.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted to manipulate expectation and attention orthogonally.
  • Recognition sensitivity and error types (e.g., swap errors) were measured under different experimental conditions.
  • Varying the strength and temporal/spatial precision of expectation cues.

Main Results:

  • Expectation alone enhanced recognition sensitivity, similar to attention.
  • When attention and expectation were manipulated together, expected stimuli in unattended conditions led to fewer recognitions due to swap errors.
  • Stronger spatial and temporal expectation cues reduced swap errors and increased recognition likelihood.

Conclusions:

  • Expectation's influence on perception is highly flexible and context-dependent.
  • Attention and expectation interact dynamically to shape conscious object recognition.
  • These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying visual awareness.