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Correlation between visual system function and visuo-cognitive skills in elite football players
Jorge Jorge1, João Pedro Jorge2, Sandra Medrano Muñoz3
1Clinical and Experimental Optometry Research Laboratory (CEORLab), Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|January 22, 2026
Summary
Visual system parameters like binocular vision and refractive error impact visuo-cognitive abilities in elite athletes. Esophoria, a type of eye misalignment, was associated with poorer performance in football players.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology and Sports Science
- Visual Neuroscience
- Human Performance
Background:
- Understanding the relationship between visual system parameters and visuo-cognitive abilities is crucial for optimizing visual performance.
- Key visual parameters include visual acuity, refractive error, and binocular vision metrics.
- Visuo-cognitive abilities assessed were perception span, multiple object tracking, and visual reaction time.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the relationship between specific visual system parameters and visuo-cognitive abilities in elite football players.
- To determine how factors like visual acuity, refractive error, and binocular vision influence cognitive visual functions relevant to sports.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive assessment of visual acuity, refractive error, and binocular vision was conducted in 218 elite male football players.
- Visuo-cognitive abilities were evaluated using tests for perception span, multiple object tracking, and reaction time.
- Pearson's correlation test was employed to analyze the relationships between visual and visuo-cognitive parameters, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Main Results:
- Perception span showed positive correlations with visual acuity and negative correlations with anisometropia and near esophoria.
- Multiple object tracking performance was negatively associated with horizontal phoria and stereopsis, particularly in individuals with esophoria.
- Visual reaction time correlated positively with emmetropia and distance horizontal phoria.
Conclusions:
- Binocular vision, vergence, and phoria significantly influence visuo-cognitive performance in elite football players.
- Good binocular coordination and minimal refractive error are beneficial, while esophoria is linked to diminished performance.
- These findings underscore the complex, multifactorial nature of visuo-cognitive function in athletic contexts.
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