Search research articles

Related Concept Videos

Ideal Solutions

Ideal Solutions

According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...

Binary Fission

Binary Fission

Binary fission is the primary mode of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, such as bacteria. It results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells. This highly efficient process ensures the rapid propagation of bacterial populations under favorable conditions and involves coordinated cellular and molecular events.DNA Replication and SeparationThe process begins with the replication of the bacterial chromosome. The circular DNA molecule unwinds at a specific origin of...

Binary Fission

Binary Fission

Fission is the division of a single entity into two or more parts, which regenerate into separate entities that resemble the original. Organisms in the Archaea and Bacteria domains reproduce using binary fission, in which a parent cell splits into two parts that can each grow to the size of the original parent cell. This asexual method of reproduction produces cells that are all genetically identical.

The Ideal Transformer

The Ideal Transformer

In single-phase two-winding transformers, two windings are coiled around a magnetic core characterized by cross-sectional area A and magnetic permeability μ. A phasor current i1 enters the left winding while i2 exits the right winding, establishing the fundamental working of the transformer through electromagnetic principles.
Ampere's Law forms the basis of understanding the magnetic field within the transformer. It states that the integral of the magnetic field intensity's tangential...

The Ideal Diode

The Ideal Diode

A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only, making it a crucial component in electronic circuits for controlling the direction of current flow. An ideal diode is a simplified version of a real diode used to understand how diodes work in circuits. It possesses two terminals: the positive anode and the cathode, which is negative. When a positive voltage is applied to the anode relative to the cathode, the diode is in a forward-biased state, allowing...

Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume

Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume

The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas and the number of moles in a given volume of gas vary with changes in pressure and temperature. At standard temperature and pressure, or STP (273.15 K and 1 atm), one mole of an ideal gas (regardless of its identity) has a volume of about 22.4 L — this is referred to as the standard molar volume.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Occult fractures of the tibial plateau: 3D augmented X-ray pilot study.

Emergency radiology·2026

Same author

Evaluating the diagnostic performance of 3D radiographs in emergency department extremity imaging: an early comparative study.

Emergency radiology·2026

Same author

A novel projection data domain material decomposition method for dual-energy CT and its impact on the accuracy of attenuation values.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

Same author

Deep Learning Subtraction Angiography: Improved Generalizability with Transfer Learning.

Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR·2022

Same author

Linearized Analysis of Noise and Resolution for DL-Based Image Generation.

IEEE transactions on medical imaging·2022

Same author

Single-material beam hardening correction via an analytical energy response model for diagnostic CT.

Medical physics·2022

Same journal

PAC-Net: patch adaptive cut-off network with differentiable module-wise K-learning for robust and efficient medical image segmentation.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

Same journal

Four-dimensional on-beam computed tomography reconstruction using projection-difference images.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

Same journal

Higher-order synergy-based ranking in transcriptomic communities via latent factors and O-information.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

Same journal

Calculating biological dose distributions in hadrontherapy using GATE: the BioDose actor.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

Same journal

A 1.5 mm BGO PET detector with DOI measurement.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

Same journal

Development and validation of XrayMC: a dedicated Monte Carlo tool for X-ray imaging and radiation protection.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026

See all related articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

Ideal observer estimation for binary tasks with stochastic object models.

Jingyan Xu¹, Frédéric Noo²

¹Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.

Physics in Medicine and Biology

|January 22, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new ideal observer (IO) formulation using stochastic object models (SOMs) to optimize data acquisition. The new IO effectively measures data acquisition efficiency, showing promise for applications like dual-energy CT material decomposition.

Keywords:

Bayesian inference area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC)dual energy CT ideal observers spectral optimization stochastic object models (SOMs)

More Related Videos

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

Published on: April 21, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

Published on: April 21, 2023

Area of Science:

Medical Imaging Physics
Information Theory
Computational Imaging

Background:

Data acquisition systems map object spaces to measurement spaces.
Stochastic Object Models (SOMs) describe object variability using probability density functions (PDFs).
Ideal Observers (IOs) are theoretical benchmarks for signal detection tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel ideal observer (IO) formulation incorporating stochastic object models (SOMs).
To optimize data acquisition processes for improved performance in imaging tasks.
To quantify the efficiency of data acquisition systems.

Main Methods:

Defined intrinsic likelihood ratio (LR) and intrinsic class separability (ICS) based on SOMs.
Formulated extrinsic LR and extrinsic class separability (ECS) based on acquired data.
Demonstrated the relationship between extrinsic LR and the expectation of intrinsic LR over the posterior PDF.

Main Results:

The difference between ICS and ECS quantifies data acquisition efficiency.
Applied the new IO to spectral optimization in dual-energy CT projection domain material decomposition (pMD).
Achieved performance rank orders consistent with physics predictions in the CT pMD example.

Conclusions:

The proposed IO computation is compatible with Bayesian reconstruction techniques familiar to CT researchers.
The dual-energy pMD application serves as a model for optimizing other spectral CT systems.
This framework offers a pathway for advancing data acquisition optimization in various CT modalities.