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Neurocognitive Outcome After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Patient Subgroups With Diverging Outcome.

Cece C Kooper1, Marsh Königs2, Marjan E Steenweg3

  • 1Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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|January 22, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to neurocognitive deficits. Identifying distinct subgroups of children with TBI can help understand varying outcomes and inform prognosis beyond clinical factors.

Keywords:
ClusteringNeurocognitive functioningNeurotraumaPediatrics

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neuropsychology
  • Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Heterogeneity in neurocognitive outcomes after pediatric TBI is a significant clinical challenge.
  • Understanding distinct subgroups may refine prognosis and intervention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify neurocognitive subgroups in children with TBI.
  • To examine demographic, premorbid, and clinical differences between these subgroups.

Main Methods:

  • Multicenter study involving 113 children with TBI and 113 matched healthy controls.
  • Comprehensive computerized neurocognitive testing at 6 months post-TBI.
  • Cluster analysis to identify neurocognitive subgroups within the TBI cohort.

Main Results:

  • Children with TBI showed deficits in speed, stability, attention, and working memory compared to controls.
  • Four neurocognitive subgroups were identified: one with good outcome and three with adverse outcomes (global, visual-processing, or executive functioning deficits).
  • Subgroups did not differ by TBI severity, but differed in premorbid behavioral issues and socioeconomic status.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct neurocognitive outcome profiles exist in children 6 months post-TBI.
  • These subgroups reflect varying degrees and patterns of neurocognitive weaknesses.
  • Prognosis of neurocognitive outcome may depend on factors beyond clinical characteristics.