NLR receptor subcellular localization and plant immune activation

Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins serve as cornerstone components of the plant immune system, typically recognizing pathogen effector proteins to assemble resistance complexes (resistosomes) that trigger robust immune responses. As pivotal targets for crop disease resistance breeding, NLRs have been shown to exhibit subcellular localization-dependent functional regulation, influencing processes including effector recognition, immune complex assembly, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we review the distinct subcellular compartmentalization patterns of NLR proteins and their mechanistic roles in orchestrating plant disease resistance.