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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.5K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.3K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
54.3K
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

1.9K
Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care
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Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

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Next generation CAR-T cells to tackle solid tumors.

Teresa Abreu1, Ana Godinho-Santos2, Ana Teresa Amaral3

  • 1CNC-UC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Building Carlos da Silveira (CPM), Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy shows promise for solid tumors. Next-generation CAR designs address challenges like tumor heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment for improved efficacy.

Keywords:
ImmunosuppressionNext-generation CAR-T cellsSolid tumorsTumor heterogeneityTumor microenvironmentTumor trafficking

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has transformed cancer immunotherapy, particularly for blood cancers.
  • Significant hurdles impede CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors, including antigen scarcity, tumor heterogeneity, and a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the challenges limiting CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors.
  • To critically analyze innovative CAR designs and synthetic biology approaches aimed at overcoming these obstacles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current CAR-T cell therapy research for solid tumors.
  • Comparative analysis of advanced CAR constructs and their mechanisms of action.
  • Discussion of strategies for enhancing CAR-T cell targeting, trafficking, persistence, and overcoming TME-mediated suppression.

Main Results:

  • Solid tumors present unique challenges such as lack of specific antigens, tumor heterogeneity, physical barriers, and immunosuppressive TME.
  • Next-generation CAR designs incorporate logic-gated systems, multiple-input receptors, cytokine receptors, armored CARs, and resistance to immunosuppression.
  • These innovations aim to improve antigen specificity, trafficking, and activity within the TME.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming challenges in solid tumors requires sophisticated CAR designs and synthetic biology.
  • Advanced CAR constructs offer promising strategies to enhance CAR-T cell therapy efficacy beyond hematological malignancies.
  • This review provides a framework for future research to accelerate CAR-T translation for solid tumors.