Tolylfluanid induces mitochondrial dysfunction through excessive ROS generation and inhibits cell growth in bovine...

Tolylfluanid is a phenylsulfamide fungicide commonly used to manage fungal diseases in crops; however, evidence has shown its unintended toxicity in non-target organisms. To elucidate its cellular impact, we investigated how tolylfluanid affects bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. The results revealed that exposure to tolylfluanid suppressed MAC-T cell viability, enhanced apoptotic responses, and disrupted 3D spheroid development compared with the control group. The treatment provoked excessive generation of ROS, elevated mitochondrial calcium accumulation, and triggered a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. These alterations were accompanied by oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial depolarization, which was alleviated when cells were co-treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Western blotting and RT-qPCR further demonstrated that tolylfluanid activated PI3K and MAPK signaling and upregulated inflammation-related genes. Additionally, real-time oxygen consumption measurements reveal mitochondrial dysfunction following tolylfluanid. Altogether, these findings indicate that tolylfluanid exerts cytotoxic and pro-oxidative effects on MAC-T cells, suggesting possible implications for milk production efficiency in cattle.