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In mosquitoes, warmer temperature reverses the aging-dependent decrease in nitric oxide synthase activity, modifying

Lindsay E Martin1, Norbu Y Shastri1, Tania Y Estévez-Lao1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Warmer temperatures accelerate mosquito aging and immune decline by increasing oxidative stress. This study reveals how temperature and age interact to affect nitric oxide production and immune gene expression in mosquitoes.

Keywords:
AgingImmunitySenescenceTemperaturemosquitonitric oxide synthase

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Area of Science:

  • Mosquito immunology
  • Oxidative stress research
  • Aging biology

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are crucial in mosquito immunity, metabolism, and homeostasis.
  • Imbalances in ROS/RNS lead to oxidative stress, impacting mosquito health.
  • Warmer temperatures are known to accelerate age-dependent immune weakening in mosquitoes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interactive effects of temperature and aging on ROS/RNS production, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and their consequences in Anopheles gambiae.
  • To understand how these factors influence immune gene expression and overall mosquito senescence.

Main Methods:

  • Mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae) were reared at different temperatures (27°C, 30°C, 32°C) and assessed at various adult ages (1, 5, 10, 15 days).
  • NADPH diaphorase staining was used to measure nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity.
  • RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data mining was employed to analyze gene expression.
  • Nitric oxide production was experimentally manipulated.

Main Results:

  • Warmer temperatures increased NOS activity in infected mosquitoes, while aging decreased it.
  • At later aging stages, warmer temperatures reversed the age-related decline in NOS activity.
  • Gene expression analysis showed interactive effects of temperature and aging on NOS and JNK expression.
  • Expression of antimicrobial effector genes and superoxide detoxification genes decreased, while hydrogen peroxide detoxification genes increased under combined stress.
  • Nitric oxide manipulation altered immune gene expression in a temperature- and age-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature and aging interact to modulate oxidative stress pathways in mosquitoes.
  • Heightened oxidative stress, exacerbated by warmer temperatures, appears to accelerate mosquito senescence.
  • These findings provide insights into the complex interplay between environmental factors, aging, and immunity in insect vectors.