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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

35.0K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.5K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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8.3K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Entropy within the Cell01:22

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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Compositional Phase Control in High-Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts.

Sangmin Jeong1, Anthony J Branco1, Porvajja Nagarajan1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States.

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|January 22, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) with controlled phases and morphology show exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis. These advanced materials offer superior durability and activity compared to platinum, paving the way for sustainable electrocatalysts.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer tunable properties for electrocatalysis.
  • Controlling HEA crystalline phase and morphology is crucial for optimizing reactive sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate preferential stabilization of mixed fcc/bcc to fcc phases in quinary AuPdFeCoNi HEA nanoparticles by controlling Au content.
  • To identify critical structural motifs responsible for exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of quinary AuPdFeCoNi HEA nanoparticles with varying Au content.
  • Investigation using electronic, X-ray synchrotron, and surface techniques.
  • Electrocatalytic testing for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Main Results:

  • Systematic control of Au content preferentially stabilized mixed fcc/bcc to fcc phases.
  • Identification of specific short- (few-Å) and medium- (6-10 Å) range structural motifs crucial for HER.
  • Achieved outstanding durability (240 h) and high mass activity (50 A/mgPGM), outperforming commercial Pt/C.

Conclusions:

  • Structural control over HEA morphology directly impacts metallic oxidation states and atomic pair features.
  • Provides new strategies for designing robust, sustainable electrocatalysts with high nonprecious metal content.
  • Demonstrates HEAs as promising alternatives to precious metal catalysts for HER.