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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
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Interphase00:56

Interphase

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The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Phases of Interphase
Following each period of mitosis and cytokinesis, eukaryotic cells enter interphase, during which they grow and replicate...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Dual-Interphase Modulation with a Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte toward High-Performance Lithium Metal

Sa Xue1, Xiangyang Liu1, Yongqi Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Thermal Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel electrolyte using 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene (3FB) to create stable interfaces for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). This functional diluent enhances performance and longevity in high-demand battery applications.

Keywords:
1,3,5-trifluorobenzeneaggregate-II solvation structureelectrode/electrolyte interphaseslithium metal batterieslocally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Stable electrode/electrolyte interphases (EEIs) are critical for practical lithium metal batteries (LMBs).
  • Existing electrolytes often struggle to form robust protective layers on battery components, limiting cycle life and performance.
  • Developing advanced electrolytes is key to unlocking the potential of high-energy-density LMBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and investigate a novel ionic liquid electrolyte system for stabilizing EEIs in LMBs.
  • To utilize a functional diluent, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene (3FB), to promote the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) and cathode electrolyte interphases (CEIs).
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance of the developed electrolyte in a Li/LiFePO4 full battery under demanding conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Designed locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (FPB2) incorporating 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene (3FB) as a diluent.
  • Investigated the solvation structure and ion transport mechanisms within the electrolyte.
  • Analyzed the composition and stability of the interphases formed on the lithium metal anode (LMA) and LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode using electrochemical techniques.
  • Performed long-term cycling tests on a Li/LFP full battery to assess performance metrics like capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The addition of 3FB promoted Li+ association with anions, forming an anion-dominated solvation structure that facilitated anion decomposition and rapid Li+ transport.
  • 3FB underwent reductive decomposition on the LMA surface, synergizing with anion decomposition to form a uniform and stable SEI.
  • A stable, LiF-rich CEI was formed on the LFP cathode, effectively suppressing electrolyte oxidation.
  • The Li/LFP full battery demonstrated excellent cycling stability, achieving 81.5% capacity retention and 99.4% average Coulombic efficiency over 200 cycles under demanding conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The functional diluent 3FB effectively stabilizes both the anode SEI and cathode CEI, leading to dual-interphase stabilization.
  • This electrolyte design strategy offers a new approach for developing high-performance lithium metal batteries.
  • The findings present a promising pathway for advancing the practical application of LMBs through tailored electrolyte engineering.