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What Do Upper-Extremity Physical Performance Tests Measure? Insights From a Descriptive Electromyographical Study.

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  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Sciences (Physiotherapy), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.

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|January 22, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shoulder muscle activity varies across physical performance tests. The Y-balance test-upper quarter (YBT-UQ) and closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) showed the highest serratus anterior and infraspinatus activity.

Keywords:
functional testsmuscle activityphysical therapy/rehabilitationscapulashoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Physical performance tests (PPTs) are crucial for evaluating athletes' sport-specific physical capabilities.
  • Understanding the electromyographical demands of PPTs aids clinicians in selecting appropriate tests for athletes.
  • Shoulder muscle activation patterns can differ significantly between various PPTs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare shoulder muscle activity across four different upper-extremity physical performance tests.
  • To provide clinicians with detailed electromyographical data for informed test selection.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive laboratory study involving 30 asymptomatic overhead athletes (17 women, 13 men).
  • Participants performed the Y-balance test-upper quarter (YBT-UQ), closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), upper limb rotation test (ULRT), and shoulder endurance test (SET).
  • Surface electromyography measured muscle activity (% maximal isometric voluntary contraction) in key shoulder muscles of the supporting arm.

Main Results:

  • The YBT-UQ demonstrated the highest serratus anterior and infraspinatus activity across all reach directions.
  • The CKCUEST also showed high serratus anterior and infraspinatus activity.
  • The ULRT elicited the greatest posterior deltoid activation, while the SET showed progressively increasing muscle activity with speed.

Conclusions:

  • Serratus anterior and infraspinatus muscles exhibit high activity in the YBT-UQ and CKCUEST.
  • The ULRT is effective for targeting posterior deltoid activation.
  • These electromyographical insights assist clinicians in selecting optimal PPTs for athlete screening and return-to-sport protocols.