Interfacial Modification of Nanochannels for Enhanced Detection Accuracy in Complex Matrices

Solid-state nanochannels, as an emerging single-molecule sensing platform, have shown great potential in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and food safety owing to their high stability, tunable geometry, and facile surface functionalization. However, in complex matrices, nonspecific adsorption, ion competition, and background noise often compromise the accuracy and reliability of detection. In recent years, interfacial modification has provided effective solutions to these challenges. This review summarizes various interfacial engineering methods for solid-state nanochannels, focusing on three main aspects: stability enhancement, specific recognition, and signal amplification. For stability enhancement, strategies such as antifouling coating, surface charge/hydrophilicity regulation, and covalent crosslinking are highlighted. For specific recognition, structure-adaptive modification, biomimetic engineering, and cooperative self-assembly are discussed. For signal amplification, in situ nucleic acid amplification, nanotag-assisted amplification, and catalysis-mediated signal amplification are presented. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, emphasizing that the integration of interfacial modification with multidisciplinary approaches, including nanomaterials, molecular engineering, and artificial intelligence-driven signal processing, which will further advance high-precision detection in complex matrices.