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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Amorphous-Crystalline High-Entropy Electrocatalysts for H2 Evolution in High-Power Aluminum-Based Fuel Cells.

Zhiwen Lu1,2, Junheng Huang1,2, Kai Chen1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.

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Researchers developed a novel aluminum-hydrogen fuel cell, replacing slow oxygen reactions with efficient hydrogen evolution. This high-performance energy storage system offers a promising alternative to traditional metal-air batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Metal-air batteries offer cost-effective, safe, and eco-friendly energy storage.
  • Commercialization is limited by low power density and carbonate deposition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome limitations of metal-air batteries by developing a novel alkali/acid aluminum-hydrogen fuel cell.
  • To enhance energy storage efficiency by replacing the oxygen reduction reaction with the hydrogen evolution reaction.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling alkaline aluminum anode oxidation with a high-entropy alloy (HEA)-driven acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Developing a hybrid amorphous-crystalline HEA (FeCoNiMnRu) as a cathode electrocatalyst for HER.
  • Investigating the catalytic activity and stability of the HEA catalyst.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a record peak power density of 964 mW cm-2 at 1319 mA cm-2.
  • Demonstrated longevity over 220 hours of continuous operation at 200 mA cm-2.
  • Maintained a near-perfect Faradaic efficiency (>99%) for hydrogen production.

Conclusions:

  • The developed aluminum-hydrogen fuel cell significantly surpasses existing alkaline aluminum-air batteries in performance.
  • This technology offers a pathway for high-efficiency power delivery and scalable hydrogen synthesis.