Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
05:04

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

Published on: September 22, 2023

870

Breastfeeding in term and preterm infants with and without growth restriction: A 50-year analysis of incidence and

Achim Fieß1, Alica Hartmann1, Eva Mildenberger2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
|January 23, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Breastfeeding rates have risen over 50 years, but preterm birth and fetal growth restriction remain barriers. Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) face reduced breastfeeding incidence and delayed initiation, highlighting a need for targeted support.

Area of Science:

  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Maternal-Infant Health
  • Public Health Nutrition

Background:

  • Breastfeeding is crucial for infant health and development.
  • Preterm birth and fetal growth restriction are known to impact infant feeding practices.
  • Understanding long-term trends in breastfeeding is essential for public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends in breastfeeding rates and duration over five decades.
  • To investigate the association between breastfeeding and preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and demographics.
  • To identify risk factors for reduced breastfeeding incidence and delayed initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 1559 individuals and their parents.
  • Categorization by gestational age (extremely preterm to term) and birth weight percentile (SGA, AGA, LGA).
  • Data collected via interviews, questionnaires, and medical records; 940 mothers' data analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Breastfeeding rates and duration significantly increased over 50 years.
  • Low gestational age (≤32 weeks) and being born small for gestational age (SGA) were associated with reduced breastfeeding.
  • Delayed breastfeeding initiation was more common in preterm and SGA infants; higher maternal education correlated positively with breastfeeding.

Conclusions:

  • Despite overall increases, preterm birth and fetal growth restriction are linked to lower breastfeeding rates and delayed initiation.
  • Being born SGA is an independent risk factor for reduced breastfeeding, independent of gestational age.
  • Increased awareness and tailored support are needed for mothers of SGA infants to improve breastfeeding outcomes.
Abstract

Keywords:
breastfeedingfetal growth restrictiongestational agematernal educationprematurity

More Related Videos

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants07:26

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Published on: January 26, 2019

15.0K
Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

581

Related Concept Videos

Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health...
1.7K
Types of Reports II: Incident or Occurrence Report01:21

Types of Reports II: Incident or Occurrence Report

An Incident or Occurrence Report in a healthcare setting is a crucial document used to record any unexpected occurrence that may or may not have affected a patient, employee, or visitor. Such reports are critical to improving patient safety and include all details leading up to and including the event.
Purposes:
In the healthcare industry, reports play a crucial role in documenting incidents within an agency. The primary objective of these reports is to ensure patient safety, uphold the...
1.2K
Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
35.8K
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
33.2K
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
3.1K
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
265