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Updated: Jan 24, 2026
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A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
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Maternal Autoimmune Disease and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Nested Case-Control
Hsin-Chien Yen1,2,3, Ching-Heng Lin4,5,6, Ming-Chih Lin1,2,7,8
1Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, nchu.edu.tw.
Pediatric Diabetes
|January 23, 2026
Summary
Children born to mothers with autoimmune diseases face a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Maternal T1DM, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and rheumatoid arthritis significantly increase this risk, highlighting the need for early screening.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Immunology
- Public Health
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a rising global health concern, characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
- The precise etiology of T1DM remains elusive, with prenatal factors and maternal health conditions emerging as potential influences.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between maternal autoimmune conditions and the incidence of T1DM in offspring.
- To identify specific maternal autoimmune diseases that confer an elevated risk for T1DM in children.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective population-based cohort study utilizing data from the Maternal and Child Health Database and National Health Insurance Research Database.
- Inclusion of over 2 million newborns, with follow-up until 2020, and a nested case-control analysis comparing T1DM cases with matched controls.
- Identification of T1DM cases via the Catastrophic Illness Registry Database and maternal autoimmune diseases through diagnosis codes.
Main Results:
- Offspring of mothers with any autoimmune disease exhibited a significantly higher risk of T1DM (aOR: 1.95).
- Specific maternal autoimmune conditions, including T1DM (aOR: 6.81), Hashimoto thyroiditis (aOR: 3.75), rheumatoid arthritis (aOR: 2.49), and Graves' disease (aOR: 1.85), were strongly associated with increased T1DM risk in children.
Conclusions:
- Maternal autoimmune diseases, particularly T1DM, autoimmune thyroiditis, and rheumatoid arthritis, are linked to an increased likelihood of T1DM in offspring.
- These findings support the implementation of targeted T1DM screening programs for children born to mothers with autoimmune conditions.
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