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Predictors of HIV Vertical Transmission in Exposed Infants in Northwest, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Amare Genetu Ejigu1, Tilahun Degu2, Ahmed Fentaw Ahmed2

  • 1Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Injibara University Injibara Ethiopia.

Health Science Reports
|January 23, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Vertical HIV transmission remains a significant concern, with a 3.6% rate observed in Northwest Ethiopia. Key predictors include maternal ART non-receipt and residing outside the catchment area, highlighting the need for expanded prevention programs.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Global efforts to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) have not fully succeeded, with significant numbers of new pediatric infections and deaths annually.
  • Vertical transmission remains the primary route for pediatric HIV infection, necessitating ongoing research and intervention.
  • Ethiopia faces a substantial burden of pediatric HIV, with thousands of new infections and deaths reported in 2022.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the rate of vertical HIV transmission among HIV-exposed infants in Northwest Ethiopia.
  • To identify predictors associated with vertical HIV transmission in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study involving 480 mother-infant pairs enrolled in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs.
  • Statistical analysis using R, including multiple imputation for missing data and logistic regression.
  • Significance determined by p-value < 0.05.

Main Results:

  • The overall vertical HIV transmission rate was 3.6%.
  • Factors significantly increasing transmission risk included mothers residing outside the catchment area (AOR=4.74) and not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) (AOR=6.82).
  • Protective factors against transmission were maternal HIV diagnosis before pregnancy (AOR=0.08), Nevirapine prophylaxis for infants (AOR=0.14), and delivery at a health facility (AOR=0.08).

Conclusions:

  • The identified vertical HIV transmission rate underscores the need for enhanced PMTCT services.
  • Recommendations include expanding services, prioritizing preconception HIV diagnosis, improving ART adherence, and ensuring infant Nevirapine prophylaxis.
  • Reducing home deliveries is also crucial for decreasing vertical HIV transmission.
Abstract

Keywords:
HIV exposed infant and Ethiopiamother‐to‐child transmission of HIVvertical transmission of HIV

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