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Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Body:Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

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Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions02:17

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

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Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes. 
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report
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Deciphering obesity: a conceptual overview and synthesis.

Rashmi Prakash1, Anshu Arora1, Arif Khan1,2

  • 1Northwest Clinical Research Center, Bellevue, WA, United States.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Obesity is complex, involving genes and environment. This perspective models cellular, organ, and molecular factors, proposing new obesity treatment strategies targeting metabolic memory.

Keywords:
epigeneticshungerincretinsmetabolic memoryobesitysatiety

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic disorders and obesity research.
  • Integrative physiology and molecular signaling.
  • Systems biology approaches to energy homeostasis.

Background:

  • Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease with genetic, developmental, and environmental roots.
  • Current understanding often focuses on genetic determinism, necessitating a broader pathological view.
  • Heterogeneity and persistence of obesity require deeper insights into its underlying mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a conceptual model for understanding obesity pathology.
  • To establish cellular and organ levels of pathology in energy regulation.
  • To provide a functional hierarchy of molecular signals involved in metabolic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual synthesis drawing from fundamental biological principles.
  • Development of a four-organ model for hunger regulation (stomach, brain, pancreas, gut).
  • Classification of molecular signaling molecules by size and function (neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins).

Main Results:

  • A cellular model where DNA, RNA, and epigenetic regulators create "metabolic memory."
  • A four-organ model explaining hunger as a deviation from satiety via neural and chemical communication.
  • A molecular hierarchy of signaling molecules (small neurotransmitters, medium peptides, large proteins) in energy regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Incretin therapies are symptomatic due to their focus on signaling molecules rather than "metabolic memory."
  • Future obesity therapies should aim to reprogram "metabolic memory" and restore durable metabolic equilibrium.
  • Integrating these complex insights is crucial for aligning obesity management with its biological complexity.