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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Hypertension and Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ahmad Mohammad1, Indresh Yadav2, Usman G Lashari3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Cente, Michigan State University, Flint, USA.

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|January 23, 2026
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Summary

Hypertension (HTN) significantly increases stroke risk, especially hemorrhagic stroke and in Asian populations. Lowering blood pressure effectively reduces stroke incidence and recurrence.

Keywords:
epidemiologyhypertensionmeta-analysisrisk factorsstroke

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hypertension (HTN) is a known major risk factor for stroke.
  • Updated evidence is needed to clarify HTN's impact on different stroke subtypes and populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and quantify the association between hypertension and stroke risk.
  • To examine variations in stroke risk related to hypertension across stroke subtypes and demographic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 studies involving 1.8 million participants.
  • Analysis of stroke risk estimates (OR, HR, RR) associated with hypertension.
  • Examination of risk variations by stroke subtype, sex, and ethnicity.

Main Results:

  • Hypertension approximately doubled overall stroke risk (OR/HR/RR: 1.3-2.1).
  • Strongest associations were found for hemorrhagic stroke (OR = 2.1) and in Asian populations (RR = 2.0).
  • Women showed higher risk (HR = 1.5) than men (HR = 1.3); a 5-mmHg SBP reduction lowered risk by 22%.

Conclusions:

  • Hypertension is a potent, modifiable stroke risk factor with differential effects across stroke types and populations.
  • Intensive blood pressure control significantly reduces stroke incidence and recurrence, particularly in high-risk individuals.
  • Standardized methods and tailored interventions are crucial for optimizing stroke prevention strategies.